The word “cancer” often sparks fear, but understanding it can be the first step toward prevention and effective treatment. Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide. Let’s explore the basics to help you better understand this condition.
What Is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the breast tissue. It can develop in one or both breasts and, although rare, men can also be affected. Cancer occurs when cells grow uncontrollably, disrupting normal body functions.
It’s important to note that not all breast lumps are cancerous. Many are benign (non-cancerous) and pose no threat to life. However, some benign conditions can increase the risk of developing breast cancer later. A healthcare professional should evaluate any change or lump in the breast to determine whether it’s benign or malignant.
How Does Breast Cancer Start?
Breast cancer originates in different parts of the breast, which includes:
- Lobules: These are the glands responsible for producing milk. Cancers that start here are called lobular cancers.
- Ducts: These small canals carry milk from the lobules to the nipple. Most breast cancers, known as ductal cancers, begin in the ducts.
- Nipple and Areola: A rare form of breast cancer, Paget’s disease, can begin in the nipple.
- Stroma: This connective and fatty tissue surrounds the ducts and lobules, helping to keep them in place. Some rare cancers, such as phyllodes tumors, start in this tissue.
- Blood and Lymph Vessels: Angiosarcomas may start in the lining of these vessels.
Other rare cancers, like sarcomas and lymphomas, can also occur in the breast but are not considered traditional breast cancers.
How Does Breast Cancer Spread?
Breast cancer can spread when cancer cells enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The lymphatic system, a key part of your immune system, consists of lymph nodes, ducts, and vessels that transport lymph fluid throughout the body. Cancer cells may travel through these channels, potentially leading to metastasis—the spread of cancer to other parts of the body.
Common areas where breast cancer may spread include:
- Axillary Lymph Nodes: Under the arm
- Internal Mammary Nodes: Inside the chest
- Collarbone Nodes: Around the collarbone (supraclavicular and infraclavicular nodes)
While cancer in lymph nodes can indicate a higher chance of spread, it’s not a definitive predictor of metastasis.
Types of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer types are classified based on the cells they originate from:
- Carcinomas: These cancers begin in the epithelial cells lining the ducts or lobules. Common types include ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive carcinoma.
- Angiosarcomas and Sarcomas: Rare cancers that originate in the blood vessels or connective tissues.
Additionally, breast cancer can be characterized by the presence of specific proteins or genes, such as estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and the HER2 protein. These markers help determine the cancer’s stage and guide treatment options.
Takeaway
Breast cancer is a complex condition, but early detection and understanding can make a significant difference. Regular screenings, being aware of changes in your breasts, and consulting a healthcare provider for any concerns are crucial steps in managing breast health. Remember, not all breast changes are cancerous, but vigilance is key to early intervention.
Reference:
What Is Breast Cancer?, available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/what-is-breast-cancer.html, last accessed on 18th December 2024.